Dr Roderich Gross
PhD, SMIEEE, MACM
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Senior Lecturer in Robotics and Computational Intelligence
+44 114 222 5610
Full contact details
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Amy Johnson Building
Portobello Street
91Ö±²¥
S1 3JD
- Profile
-
I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering at the University of 91Ö±²¥, a Visiting Scientist at CSAIL, MIT, and an Executive Committee Member of 91Ö±²¥ Robotics, where I lead the Enabling Technologies theme. I received a Ph.D. degree in engineering science in 2007 from Université libre de Bruxelles, and was a JSPS Fellow (Tokyo Institute of Technology), a Research Associate (University of Bristol), and a Marie Curie Fellow (EPFL & Unilever). My research interests are in robotics and artificial intelligence. I have made contributions to the coordination of robot swarms and reconfigurable robots, and invented a machine learning method called Turing Learning. I served as the General Chair of DARS 2016 and as an Editor of IROS 2015-18. Currently, I serve as an Associate Editor of Swarm Intelligence, IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, and ICRA 2019.
- Research interests
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- swarm robotics, self-reconfigurable robots, multi-robot coordination, collaborative robots
- robotics software/tools (human-robot interaction interfaces, formal design tools, operating systems)
- machine learning for behavior inference (Turing Learning, generative adversarial networks)
- autonomous systems and decision making
- natural computing (swarm intelligence, evolutionary algorithms, artificial life)
- Publications
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Edited books
- Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics): Preface..
- . Springer Verlag.
- Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics): Preface..
Journal articles
- . Nature Communications, 14.
- . Nat Commun, 14(1), 3476.
- . Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 14(2), 478-486.
- . IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 7(2), 2140-2147.
- . Aerospace Science and Technology, 120.
- . IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 37(2), 532-549.
- . Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 7.
- . Advanced Control for Applications, 2(2).
- . AUTONOMOUS ROBOTS, 44(1), 93-114.
- . Autonomous Robots, 42(8), 1521-1523.
- . IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 3(3), 1346-1353.
- . Physical Review Applied, 7(5).
- . Swarm Intelligence, 10(3), 211-243.
- . SWARM INTELLIGENCE, 10(1), 65-97.
- . PLoS Comput Biol, 11(9), e1004283.
- . IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 31(2), 307-321.
- . INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS RESEARCH, 33(8), 1145-1161.
- . SWARM INTELLIGENCE, 7(2-3), 79-81.
- . NATURAL COMPUTING, 11(4), 719-720.
- . ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS, 60(11), 1355-1355.
- . SWARM INTELLIGENCE, 5(3-4), 143-147.
- . NEURAL COMPUT APPL, 19(6), 785-786.
- . AUTON ROBOT, 28(4), 439-455.
- . IEEE T EVOLUT COMPUT, 13(4), 695-711.
- . INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIO-INSPIRED COMPUTATION, 1(1-2), 1-13.
- Self-Assembling Robots.. Künstliche Intell., 22, 61-63.
- . ADAPT BEHAV, 16(5), 285-305.
- . P IEEE, 96(9), 1490-1508.
- . J R SOC INTERFACE, 5(27), 1193-1202.
- . Swarm Intell., 1, 81-94.
- . IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ROBOTICS, 22(6), 1115-1130.
- Cooperation Through Self-Assembly in Multi-Robot Systems. ACM T AUTON ADAP SYS, 1(2), 115-150.
- Evolving self-organizing behaviors for a swarm-bot. AUTON ROBOT, 17(2-3), 223-245.
- . New Journal of Physics.
- Recent Developments in Self-Assembling Multi-Robot Systems. Current Robotics Reports.
Chapters
- , Encyclopedia of Astrobiology (pp. 2727-2728). Springer Berlin Heidelberg
- , Encyclopedia of Astrobiology (pp. 1-2). Springer Berlin Heidelberg
- , Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems (pp. C1-C1). Springer International Publishing
- In Gargaud M (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Astrobiology (pp. 2239-2240). Springer
- Swarm Intelligence in Optimization and Robotics In Kacprzyk J & Pedrycz W (Ed.), Springer Handbook of Computational Intelligence (pp. 1291-1309). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
- , Springer Handbook of Computational Intelligence (pp. 1289).
- , Encyclopedia of Astrobiology (pp. 2227-2227). Springer Berlin Heidelberg
- , Encyclopedia of Astrobiology (pp. 1-2). Springer Berlin Heidelberg
- In Kernbach S (Ed.), Handbook of Collective Robotics: Fundamentals and Challenges (pp. 49-79). Pan Stanford Publishing
- In Gargaud M (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Astrobiology
- , Encyclopedia of Astrobiology (pp. 1487-1487). Springer Berlin Heidelberg
- SWARM-BOT: Design and Implementation of Colonies of Self-assembling Robots In Yen GY & Fogel DB (Ed.), Computational Intelligence: Principles and Practice (pp. 103-135). NY: IEEE Computational Intelligence Society.
Conference proceedings papers
- . 2023 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) Proceedings (pp 8847-8853). Detroit, Michigan, USA, 1 October 2023 - 1 October 2023.
- Multi-Robot Systems Research: A Data-Driven Trend Analysis. Springer Proceedings in Advanced Robotics, 28 November 2022 - 30 November 2022.
- . Swarm Intelligence: 13th International Conference, ANTS 2022, Málaga, Spain, November 2–4, 2022, Proceedings (pp 183-195). Cham, 2 November 2022 - 4 November 2022.
- . 2022 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 23 May 2022 - 27 May 2022.
- . PROCEEDINGS OF THE 19TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATICS IN CONTROL, AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS (ICINCO) (pp 492-499)
- . Robotics: Science and System XVIII. New York, NY, USA, 27 June 2022 - 27 June 2022.
- . Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems. TAROS 2021, Vol. 13054 (pp 349-353). Lincoln, United Kingdom, 8 September 2021 - 10 September 2021.
- . Proceedings of 2021 International Symposium on Multi-Robot and Multi-Agent Systems (MRS) (pp 110-118). Cambridge, UK, 4 November 2021 - 4 November 2021.
- . Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems, Vol. 13054 (pp 360-364). Lincoln, United Kingdom, 8 September 2021 - 10 September 2021.
- . 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (pp 4774-4781). Las Vegas, NV, USA, 25 October 2020 - 25 October 2020.
- . Proceedings of 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) (pp 7193-7199). Paris, France, 31 May 2020 - 31 May 2020.
- . GECCO 2020: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (pp 121-122). New York, NY, USA, 8 July 2020 - 8 July 2020.
- . Robotics: Science and Systems
- . IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (pp 4855-4861)
- . International Symposium on Multi-Robot and Multi-Agent Systems, MRS 2019 (pp 245-251)
- . Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Symposium on Multi-Robot and Multi-Agent Systems (pp 50-52). New Brunswick, NJ, USA, 22 August 2019 - 23 August 2019.
- . Communications in Computer and Information Science, Vol. 1021 (pp 73-89)
- . 2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) (pp 9674-9680). Montreal, Canada, 20 May 2019 - 20 May 2019.
- . Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Vol. 2019-May (pp 1014-1020)
- . Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems: 20th Annual Conference, TAROS 2019 (pp 462-466), 3 July 2019 - 5 July 2019.
- . Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems, 20th Annual Conference (pp 458-461), 3 July 2019 - 5 July 2019.
- . 2019 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (pp 1479-1487). Montreal, Canada, 13 May 2019 - 13 May 2019.
- A Soft-Bodied Modular Reconfigurable Robotic System Composed of Interconnected Kilobots. 2019 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MULTI-ROBOT AND MULTI-AGENT SYSTEMS (MRS 2019) (pp 53-55)
- Re-establishing communication in teams of mobile robots. 2018 IEEE/RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS (IROS) (pp 7947-7954)
- . Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems: 13th International Symposium, Vol. 6 (pp 401-414). London, UK, 7 November 2016 - 7 November 2016.
- . Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems: 13th International Symposium, Vol. 6 (pp 373-385). London, UK, 7 November 2016 - 7 November 2016.
- . Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems: 13th International Symposium (pp 475-486). London, UK, 7 November 2016 - 7 November 2016.
- Preface. Springer Proceedings in Advanced Robotics, Vol. 6 (pp vii-viii)
- Generalizing GANs: A Turing Perspective. Proceedings of the 31st Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 4 December 2017 - 9 December 2017.
- . Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Artificial Life ECAL 2017, 4 September 2017 - 8 September 2017.
- Probabilistic supervisory control theory (pSCT) applied to swarm robotics. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, AAMAS, Vol. 3 (pp 1395-1403)
- . Proceedings of IROS 2016. Daejeon, Korea, 9 October 2016 - 9 October 2016.
- . Swarm Intelligence (pp 125-136). Brussels, Belgium, 7 September 2016 - 7 September 2016.
- . Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems, Vol. 9716 (pp 196-201). 91Ö±²¥, UK
- . Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems, Vol. 9716 (pp 282-287). 91Ö±²¥, UK
- . 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (pp 5189-5196). Stockholm, Sweden, 16 May 2016 - 16 May 2016.
- Firefly-Inspired Synchronization in Swarms of Mobile Agents. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (pp 279-286). Richland, SC, 4 May 2015 - 4 May 2015.
- . Proc. of the 2014 IEEE/RSJ Int. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems, IROS 2014 (pp 3926-3932). Chicago, IL, 14 September 2014 - 18 May 2014.
- Evo-bots: A Modular Robotics Platform with Efficient Energy Sharing. IROS 2014 Modular and Swarm Robotics Workshop. Chicago, IL, 14 September 2014 - 14 September 2014.
- Towards a 3-DOF Mobile and Self-Reconfigurable Modular Robot. IROS 2014 Modular and Swarm Robotics Workshop. Chicago, IL, 14 September 2014 - 14 September 2014.
- . Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp 62-73). Brussels, Belgium, 10 September 2014 - 12 May 2014.
- . Proc. of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (pp 201-208). Vancouver, Canada, 12 July 2014 - 15 July 2014.
- Clustering objects with robots that do not compute. 13th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, AAMAS 2014, Vol. 1 (pp 421-428)
- Evolving Aggregation Behaviors in Multi-Robot Systems with Binary Sensors. 11th Int. Symposium on Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems (pp 325-338). Baltimore, ML
- . 2013 IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, ICRA 2013 (pp 863-869)
- A Coevolutionary Approach to Learn Animal Behavior Through Controlled Interaction. GECCO'13: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2013 GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION CONFERENCE (pp 223-230)
- . Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Vol. 8064 LNAI (pp 381-383)
- Self-organised Computational Structures for Real Time Analysis in Highly Distributed Environmental Monitoring. IROS 2012 Workshop on Robotics for Environmental Monitoring
- . Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Vol. 7429 LNAI (pp 416-417)
- Segregation in swarms of e-puck robots based on the Brazil nut effect. 11th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems 2012, AAMAS 2012: Innovative Applications Track, Vol. 2 (pp 688-695)
- Evolving Aggregation Behaviors in Multi-Robot Systems with Binary Sensors.. DARS, Vol. 104 (pp 355-367)
- . Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Vol. 6856 LNAI (pp 428-429)
- . Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Vol. 6856 LNAI (pp 380-381)
- . Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Vol. 6856 LNAI (pp 394-395)
- . Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Vol. 5777 LNAI(PART 1) (pp 165-172)
- . Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Vol. 5777 LNAI(PART 1) (pp 173-180)
- Segregation in Swarms of Mobile Robots Based on the Brazil Nut Effect. 2009 IEEE-RSJ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT ROBOTS AND SYSTEMS (pp 4349-4356)
- Division of labour in self-organised groups. FROM ANIMALS TO ANIMATS 10, PROCEEDINGS, Vol. 5040 (pp 426-436)
- Performance benefits of self-assembly in a swarm-bot.. IROS (pp 2381-2387)
- Fifty Years of Self-Assembly Experimentation. Workshop and Tutorials - CD, 2007 IEEE/RSJ Int. Conf. on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)
- Transport of an object by six pre-attached robots interacting via physical links. 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION (ICRA), VOLS 1-10 (pp 1317-1323)
- Object transport by modular robots that self-assemble. 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION (ICRA), VOLS 1-10 (pp 2558-2564)
- Enhancing cooperative transport using negotiation of goal direction. Belgian/Netherlands Artificial Intelligence Conference
- Group Transport Along a Robot Chain in a Self-Organised Robot Colony. INTELLIGENT AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 9 (pp 433-442)
- Self-assembly of Mobile Robots: From Swarm-bot to Super-mechano Colony. INTELLIGENT AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 9 (pp 487-496)
- Autonomous self-assembly in a swarm-bot. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Autonomous Minirobots for Research and Edutainment (AMiRE 2005) (pp 314-322)
- Negotiation of goal direction for cooperative transport. ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION AND SWARM INTELLIGENCE, PROCEEDINGS, Vol. 4150 (pp 191-202)
- Self-assembly on demand in a group of physical autonomous mobile robots navigating rough terrain. ADVANCES IN ARTIFICAL LIFE, PROCEEDINGS, Vol. 3630 (pp 272-281)
- The SWARM-BOTS project. SWARM ROBOTICS, Vol. 3342 (pp 31-44)
- Evolving a cooperative transport behavior for two simple robots. ARTIFICIAL EVOLUTION, Vol. 2936 (pp 305-316)
- Cooperative transport of objects of different shapes and sizes. ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION AND SWARM INTELLIGENCE, PROCEEDINGS, Vol. 3172 (pp 106-117)
- Group transport of an object to a target that only some group members may sense. PARALLEL PROBLEM SOLVING FROM NATURE - PPSN VIII, Vol. 3242 (pp 852-861)
- Evolving aggregation behaviors in a swarm of robots. ADVANCES IN ARTIFICIAL LIFE, PROCEEDINGS, Vol. 2801 (pp 865-874)
- Evolving Chess Playing Programs.. GECCO (pp 740-747)
- A comparative study of energy replenishment strategies for robot swarms. Swarm Intelligence. Konstanz, Germany, 9 October 2024 - 9 October 2024.
- Towards Heterogeneous Modular Robotic Systems for Industrial Applications. Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems 24th Annual Conference, TAROS 2023, Cambridge, UK, 12 September 2023 - 12 September 2023.
- Angled Cantilever Construction by Force-Aware Robotic Swarms. Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems 24th Annual Conference, TAROS 2023, Cambridge, UK, 12 September 2023 - 12 September 2023.
- . USES Conference Proceedings
Datasets
- Grants
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- Horizon Europe OpenSwarm: , £463,699, from 01/01/2023
- EPSRC 'EPSRC Core Capital', £104,196, from 22/01/2020
- DSTL 'DSTL Multi Robot Systems', £98.781, from 30/10/2019
- Industry Research/Consultancy, 'Modular robotics', from 24/03/2017
- EPSRC 'Robotics Capital Equipment' £462,075, 01/10/2016 - 31/03/2017
- EPSRC ‘Human-Machine Cooperation in Robotics and Autonomous Systems’, £330,333.80 (App No.138565) 01/07/2013 – 30/09/2014
- ESPRC ‘Evo-Bots’, £100,905 (App No. 135020) 01/07/2013 – 31/12/2014
- EU FP7 'Evolving Robots', £37,125 (PERG07-GA-2010-267354) 01/09/2010 - 31/08/2013
- Unilever Research ‘Unilever Research Portsunlight’, £62,414 (App No. 132096) 01/11/2011 – 31/07/2012
- Teaching activities
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I currently teach the following modules:
- ACS6501 Foundations of Robotics
- Professional activities and memberships
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- General Chair: (13th Int Symp on Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems)
- Chair, (2016-2017)
- Editor, - 2015 (IEEE/RSJ Int Conf on Intelligent Robots and Systems)
- Associate Editor: (from 2015)
- Associate Editor: (from 2015)
- Associate Editor: (from 2013)
- Associate Editor: , 2015 - 2012 (IEEE Int Conf on Robotics and Automation)
- Associate Editor: IROS, 2014 - 2012 (IEEE/RSJ Int Conf on Intelligent Robots and Systems)
- Program Co-Chair: (Swarm Intelligence Track)
- Program Co-Chair: (Robotics Track)
- Program Co-Chair: (8th Int Conf on Swarm Intelligence)
- Program Co-Chair: (12th Conf Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems)
- Publication Chair: (7th Int Conf on Swarm Intelligence)
- Best/Outstanding Associate Editors: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)
- Member of the Editorial Board:
- Part Editor:
- Guest Editor: Distributed Robotics special issue (Auton Robots, 2018)
- Guest Editor: Swarm Robotics special issue (Neural Comput & Appl, 2010)
- Guest Editor: TAROS 2011 special issue (Robot Auton Syst)
- Guest Editor: ANTS 2010 and ANTS 2012 special issues (Swarm Intell)
- Grant Reviewer for national funding bodies (EU, Canada, UK, Switzerland, Germany, Austria)
- Reviewer (e.g., Royal Soc Interface, IEEE Trans Robot, Int J Robot Res, IEEE Trans Evol Compt, PLoS ONE)
- SPC Member:
- PC Member: RSS 2020, NeurIPS 2020, IJCAI 2020, AAMAS 2020, GECCO 2020
Invited talks (selected)
- "Advances in distributed robotics and Turing Learning", SSR, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (2018)
- "Robots, swarms and Turing learning", Plenary talk at 27th ERNSI Workshop (European Research Network on System Identification), Cambridge, UK (2018)
- "Robots, swarms and Turing learning", Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Konstanz, Germany (2018)
- "Less is more? Defining your building blocks", Dagstuhl seminar on Algorithmic Foundations of Programmable Matter, Germany (2018)
- "Less is more? Controlling swarms and Turing learning", Biological Distributed Algorithms (BDA) Workshop, UCL, UK (2018)
- "Less is more? Controlling swarms and Turing learning", Conference on Collective Robotics, International Centre for Theoretical Physics/UNESCO, Italy (2018)
- "Less is more? New approaches for swarm control and inference", Janelia Conference on Distributed, Collective Computation in Biological and Artificial Systems, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA (2018)
- "Swarms - design, interaction and learning", University of Southampton, UK (2017)
- "Advances in massively distributed robotics and machine learning", ULB, Brussels, Belgium (2017)
- "Bandits, swarms, and Turing Learning", University of Bristol, UK (2017)
- "Less is more? New approaches for swarm control and inference", 2016 CCS Workshop, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2016)
- "Controlling swarms of robots without computation", JSPS EPSRC UK - Japan Workshop on Soft Robotics, University of Cambridge, UK (2016)
- "Swarm robotics", IEEE RAS Summer School on Multi-Robot Systems, NUS, Singapore (2016)
- "Less is more? New approaches for swarm control and inference", University of Liverpool, UK (2016)
- "Less is more? New approaches for swarm control and inference", NIPS 2016 Workshop, Montreal, Canada (2015)
- "Swarm robotics: Minimalism, learning and evolution" - University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2015)
- "Controlling robot swarms - from theory to practice - and evolution beyond control", EPFL, Switzerland (2015)
- "Swarm robotics - the future of healthcare?", RE.WORK Future Tech Summit, London, UK (2015)
- "Swarm robotics: Minimalism, learning and evolution" - ULB, Belgium (2014)
- "Swarm robotics: Minimalism, learning and evolution" - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA (2014)
- "Is less more? Design principles for massively distributed robotic systems" - The Royal Society UK-Russia Frontiers of Science meeting, Kazan, Russia (2013)
- "Towards distributed autonomous robotic systems," CSAIL, MIT, USA (2012)
- "Towards autonomous robotic systems," Transducers Science and Technology Group, Univ. of Twente, The Netherlands (2011)
- "From natural swarms to swarms of robots," Thrilling Wonder Stories 3, Architectural Association London, UK (2011)
- "Self-assembly at the macroscopic scale," Self-Assembly on all Scales workshop, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Germany (2011)
- "Autonomous mobile systems inspired by nature," Institute of Computer Science, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Germany (2009)
- "Autonomous robotic systems inspired by nature," Fakultaet fuer Informatik, Univ. of Karlsruhe, Germany (2009)
- "Physical interactions in multi-robot systems," Faculty of EE & IT, Technical Univ. of Munich, Germany (2009)
- "Self-assembling robots: Physical interactions in collective robotics," IPVS, Univ. of Stuttgart, Germany (2008)
- "What properties are required for individuals that work in groups or teams?," IPAB, Univ. of Edinburgh, UK (2007)
- "Teamwork in colonies of insect-like robots," Bristol Robotics Laboratory, UK (2007)
- "Self-assembly and its use in swarm-bot," Murata Lab, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005)
- "Group transport by a self-assembling robotic system," Kosuge and Wang Lab, Tohoku Univ., Japan (2005)
- "Swarm-bots: A self-assembling robotic system," Fukuda Lab, Nagoya Univ., Japan (2005)