- The briefing goes over pesticide use, benefits, and potentially associated health risks, as well as the surrounding regulation
- Over 70 per cent of the total land area in the UK is agricultural, and three quarters of this is estimated to be at risk of some form of pesticide pollution
- The Government and the devolved administrations aim to minimise the risks and impacts of pesticides on human health and the environment through the National Action Plan (NAP) for the Sustainable Use of Pesticides. An updated version is due to be finalised by the end of 2021
A University of 91直播 scientist has worked with the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST) on a briefing for parliamentarians on the potential health risks associated with pesticides, as well as their regulation post-Brexit.
Nicole Kennard, a PhD researcher from the University of 91直播鈥檚 Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures, interviewed and acquired evidence from over 50 experts in the field, including Public Health England, Defra, and the Scottish and Northern Irish governments to co-author a brief for parliamentarians on the potential health impacts of pesticide use.
The result is a concise, impartial summary on the potential impacts and health risks associated with pesticide use, as well as the possible issues that may arise with their regulation following the United Kingdom鈥檚 withdrawal from the European Union.
The briefing notes that over 70 per cent of the total land area in the UK is agricultural, and three quarters of this is estimated to be at risk of some form of pesticide pollution.
This is a timely POSTbrief as the UK鈥檚 regulatory bodies begin to review new pesticide applications post Brexit. It鈥檚 a vital opportunity to see how these processes will work now that UK regulators are conducting reviews and public consultations on their own, outside of the EU structure.
Additionally, as the UK begins negotiating new trade deals, there is speculation about whether or not it may change its regulatory approaches from the current EU framework to more streamlined approaches that closely resemble other countries in the world, such as the U.S. and Australia.
Whether UK pesticide regulations will change and how remains to be seen, as the Government has committed to not compromise on food safety standards in trade deals.
The brief also looks at EU pesticide regulations, which are some of the strictest in the world. In its Farm to Fork Strategy, the European Commission has proposed to cut pesticide use by 50 percent by 2030. The UK plans to set pesticide risk reduction targets in 2022, but what these will be is still unknown. There is ongoing debate among stakeholders about whether the UK should continue to conform to the same levels of regulation as we previously did as a member state. The UK still currently follows these regulatory levels as retained EU law, but this may change in the years to come.
The rigorous assessment process that pesticides must go through to be approved both locally and internationally is also discussed. It costs companies almost US$300 million and usually takes over a decade to develop a pesticide product and bring it to market. Companies must prove no harmful effects on human health and no unacceptable effects on the environment for substances to be approved.
The assessments for new pesticides and pesticide renewals, specifically consider the risks to more susceptible groups such as children, those working with pesticides, and people who live or walk near pesticide-treated areas. Once they are approved, legal limits are set for the maximum amount of pesticide residue allowed in foods. Levels of residues in food are constantly monitored in the UK. Exceedances in foods are very rare and rarely result in any likely health concerns for consumers.
Although pesticides have not been established as a direct cause of any health problems, Nicole鈥檚 report shows that growing research suggests that they appear to have been associated with a 50 per cent increase in parkinson鈥檚 disease for workers and farmers who are exposed to pesticides far more often than the general public. There have also been associations between maternal exposure to pesticides during pregnancy and rises in childhood cancer.
However, as people are subjected to so many different pesticides and chemicals every day, it is extremely difficult for research to link pesticides to specific health issues at this time. Moreover, some of the studies analysed in systematic reviews also include pesticides now prohibited in the UK and Europe that are still used in other parts of the world.
Nicole Kennard, author of the POSTbrief from the University of 91直播鈥檚 Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures, said: 鈥淲e don't know exactly how being exposed to low doses of pesticides, through the environment, water and food impacts our long-term health, or how these pesticides interact with each other and other chemicals - something often termed as the 鈥榗ocktail effect鈥.
鈥淚t is a very difficult area to study because we are all exposed to such a wide range of chemicals every day. So far, it has not been proven that pesticides are a direct cause of any specific health impact, but this does not mean that they couldn鈥檛 be, and there are associations between pesticide exposure and increased health risks for certain pesticides. Research is still growing in this area.鈥
Diverging UK and EU paths may affect trade, especially as Northern Ireland is still bound by EU law.
Farmers are also concerned that following Brexit, they may have limited access to new pesticide products. Having a pesticide approved is expensive, but in the EU receiving approval means access to every country in the bloc. Following Brexit, companies will have to go through a separate process for approval in the UK, which could act as a deterrent. Additionally, there is some concern from UK nations about how the regulation of pesticides, now a devolved matter, will be upheld whilst still conserving unfettered trade access between the nations of Great Britain.
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